We support our Publishers and Content Creators. You can view this story on their website by CLICKING HERE.

Key Points: China’s Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/AD) strategy creates a defensive arc along the First Island Chain to deter U.S. military forces. This approach combines anti-ship missiles, drones, and aircraft to keep adversaries at bay without relying heavily on aircraft carriers.

-By reinforcing its A2/AD bubble, China limits U.S. naval access, while developing carriers to project power globally.

-The strategy underscores a long-term vision for dominance in the Indo-Pacific, challenging U.S. freedom of navigation.

-As Beijing fortifies its position, the Trump administration must develop a coherent strategy to counter China’s formidable defenses and prepare for potential conflict in East Asia.

China’s A2/AD Strategy: The New Great Wall of Defense?

Most China watchers assume that leaders in Beijing always want to go on the offensive militarily, whether it is attacking Taiwan, taking more island territory, or exporting its authoritarian government system to other countries in the developing world. 

But another way to look at it is that China is playing defense, and it can accomplish this strong posture by focusing on anti-ship missiles, drones, plus manned fighters and bombers to create a defensive arc or bubble. 

Defense can often be more potent than offense, and we know that China is looking several moves ahead and planning decades to build a grand strategy that will enable the Middle Kingdom to have the strongest military and economy in the world.

U.S. Navy Aircraft Carrier Ronald Reagan.

What Is A2/AD?

Military planners in the West call this defensive bubble “Anti-Access/ Area Denial” or A2/AD. It aims to keep the United States and its allies from encroaching on the First Island Chain of territorial claims closest to the Mainland.

The great thing about A2/AD is that China doesn’t need aircraft carriers to accomplish its defensive objectives and goals. A2/AD allows the aircraft carriers to be a “bonus” for projecting power outside the region. 

The navy has submarines that can be used for A2/AD, beyond the missiles and aircraft mentioned above.

China May Not Even Need Aircraft Carriers for A2/AD

Sure, it wants six carriers by 2030 to have at least half of those in the water at all times. 

China has three conventionally-powered flat-tops and the next one most likely will be nuclear-powered. 

The United States may not be able to operate closely to China due to A2/AD and its stingy defensive posture. This creates the bubble, and then the hammer is the Chinese aircraft carrier. 

Three is enough for the time being. Numbers four, five, and six can come later and will not affect the efficacy of the current A2/AD bubble.

The New Great Wall of China

Thus, Beijing is in a great position militarily. The country has built a wall around the Mainland. China can use its carriers to become a true Blue Water navy that operates outside its region. It can protect sea lanes in the Middle East that bring in oil. 

China may also execute the overseas “String of Pearls” strategy, which involves building a series of bases that can maintain carriers and support ships in ports outside of East Asia.

Fujian Aircraft Carrier China

Fujian, China’s new aircraft carrier. Image Credit: Chinese Internet.

Even if Xin Jinping decided to stop building carriers today, China’s A2/AD bubble is sufficient to stymie the Americans. The U.S. Navy is forced to keep its own aircraft carriers outside the First Island Chain and out of range of ship-killing missiles. That’s the denial of access part.

The U.S. Navy and Its Aircraft Carriers Has No Intention of Slinking Away

Of course, the United States has no intention of staying outside the bubble. The Americans want sea lines of communication and freedom of maneuver in the Indo-Pacific open at all times. 

But the U.S. Navy will have to come to terms that it could lose an aircraft carrier in any shooting war with China. 

This would devastate American morale and likely force Washington to seek a cease-fire in the conflict if it arose.

I have spoken to U.S. Navy surface fleet officers and submariners, who claim the Navy would “roll up” so many Chinese ships that Xi Jinping would sue for peace. Perhaps both sides are overconfident.

It remains to be seen what President-elect Donald Trump has in store for China strategy-wise. National Security Advisor Mike Waltz, as does Secretary of State nominee Marco Rubio, has a reputation for being a China hawk. 

They will have to deal with the A2/AD defensive bubble and figure out if the United States would intervene in a China attack on Taiwan. More American surface vessels and submarines would be nice, plus additional long-range JASSM missiles and combat drones.

Will ‘Peace Through Strength’ Work? 

The time is over for the United States to guess and yearn for a China strategy in the Indo-Pacific. Beijing’s defensive bubble has been established. 

The United States may not be able to defend its allies due to the American people’s aversion to war. Peace through Strength has a nice bumper sticker ring to it. Still, this slogan must be accompanied by a specific tactical, operational, and strategic doctrine if the United States is to achieve peace in East Asia. 

USS Nimitz Aircraft Carrier

The aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN 68) is underway during the Great Green Fleet demonstration portion of the Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2012 exercise. Nimitz took on 200,000 gallons of biofuel in preparation for the Great Green Fleet demonstration during Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2012. Twenty-two nations, more than 40 ships and submarines, more than 200 aircraft and 25,000 personnel are participating in RIMPAC exercise from June 29 to Aug. 3, in and around the Hawaiian Islands. The world’s largest international maritime exercise, RIMPAC provides a unique training opportunity that helps participants foster and sustain the cooperative relationships that are critical to ensuring the safety of sea lanes and security on the world’s oceans. RIMPAC 2012 is the 23rd exercise in the series that began in 1971. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Eva-Marie Ramsaran/Released)

However, the new Trump security team must still be prepared for war. China has the carriers and the surface ships to be a global power someday. And I have not even mentioned nuclear weapons. China has at least 500 warheads and wants 1,000 by 2030. They also have no intention of entering into arms control talks soon.

China has an A2/AD defensive bubble around the First Island Chain keeps the United States away from that protective arc. It is building more carriers as a “bonus” for someday steaming outside the region to project power and establish new military bases beyond the ones in Pakistan and Djibouti. 

It can someday attack Taiwan with a 50-50 chance that Trump won’t intervene. It could sink a U.S. aircraft carrier and watch the American people recoil in terror. And it is building more nuclear weapons. This all adds up to a formidable strategy.

Let’s hope that the best American minds are working to devise a Trump doctrine to answer China’s formidable plans and objectives.

About the Author: Dr. Brent M. Eastwood

Brent M. Eastwood, PhD, is the author of Don’t Turn Your Back On the World: A Conservative Foreign Policy and Humans, Machines, and Data: Future Trends in Warfare, plus two other books. Brent was the founder and CEO of a tech firm that predicted world events using artificial intelligence. He served as a legislative fellow for U.S. Senator Tim Scott and advised the senator on defense and foreign policy issues. He has taught at American University, George Washington University, and George Mason University. Brent is a former U.S. Army Infantry officer. He can be followed on X @BMEastwood.