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Key Points: China’s unveiling of a two-seat J-20S variant of its fifth-generation stealth fighter raises questions about its strategic intent and technological capabilities.

-While the U.S. relies heavily on AI-enabled decision-making in fighter jets, the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) appears to emphasize the value of additional human input, particularly for missions involving electronic warfare (EW) and bomb targeting.

-The J-20S’s larger size, slower speed, and substantial ordnance capacity suggest it may serve as a “bomb truck” rather than a high-speed air superiority platform. However, its impact will hinge on the performance of its sensors, computing, and mission execution capabilities.

-The arrival of an F-14 Tomcat-like 5th-generation “two-seat” Chinese J-20 introduces a number of extremely significant questions of great strategic, tactical, and technological relevance. 

China’s Two-Seat J-20: Game-Changer or Bomb Truck?

The People’s Liberation Army Air Force seems to have stepped forward publicly with a new variant of its J-20, which has long been on the radar as a possibility. 

In essence, this means the J-20 will soon be able to fly with a “naval aviator” in position to support pilot decision-making, identify targets, track threats, and potentially even direct strikes.  

This possibility, demonstrated for years by the US Navy with its high-speed Tomcat, appears to present significant value-added in several respects. 

At the same time, it also seems to raise questions, to a degree, about the effectiveness of PLA Air Force AI, targeting and F-35-like “sensor-fusion” ability. 

With all of that said, what should we make of this new J-20S? What sort of future will it have in the skies, and is it a threat to the U.S. military and its allies? 

PLA 2-Seat J-20 in 2021

While numerous press reports now publish pictures and essays about the formal arrival of a  two-seat J-20S, Chinese government-backed newspapers such as the Global Times cited the merits of a two-seat J-20 as far back as 2021, something mentioned in a  2021 Warrior Maven essay. 

Aircraft such as the two-seat Tomcat existed well before the age of AI-enabled piloting, suggesting that a two-seat configuration may be less relevant or necessary in today’s advanced AI-empowered technological sphere.  

J-20 Fighter. Image Credit: Creative Commons.

However, Chinese newspapers suggested that the two-seat variant may be engineered for EW and less suited for air-to-air combat or high-speed aerial maneuvering. 

J-20S for EW? 

In 2021, the paper cited several advantages of a “two-seat” variant and aligned this with a discussion of its domestically built WJ-15 J-20 engine. 

“The twin-seat variation of the J-20 could be used for electronic warfare, command of wingman drones or bombing, and the domestic engine means the J-20 is no longer reliant on Russian engines,” the Chinese government-backed Global Times stated in a report in 2021, as reported by Warrior Maven. 

Perhaps the most interesting element of this PLA decision appears to relate to doctrinal considerations and concepts of operation. 

Specifically, does the PLA now increasingly align with the belief that “human” decision-making cannot be replicated by computers, despite its well-known emphasis on AI?  

AI is known to have advanced to a level where fully autonomous fighter jets have, in some cases, outperformed manned pilots in dogfights, and the speed of AI-empowered information analysis and decision-making continues to accelerate. 

Changing Concepts of Operation? 

The US Air Force, for example, has test-launched aircraft with a fully computerized AI copilot designed to manage and expedite information flow, threat variables, targeting, and decision-making in milliseconds.  

J-20

J-20. Image Credit: Chinese Internet.

Despite this, the Pentagon still strongly believes that an “optimal” approach to air combat requires “both” AI-enabled computing “and” those abilities “unique” to human decision-making.  

Can AI replicate human decision-making’s intuitive, ethical, and emotional elements? Will mathematically engineered algorithms ever truly approximate human consciousness?  

This debate pertains clearly and without question to the issue of a “two-seat” fighter aircraft, as it may indicate that the PLA recognizes the added value of additional “human” decision-making in a manner that copies Pentagon thinking. 

J-20 as Bomb Truck

Another critical element of this may pertain to the “mission” of the J-20. 

According to available specs, the J-20 is known as a 5th-generation stealth fighter. It is larger, slower, and arguably less stealthy and maneuverable than a US F-22. 

With round nozzles, an F-22 can hit a very capable thrust-to-weight ratio of 1.37 and is considerably faster than the J-20. 

The F-22’s maximum speed is Mach 2.25, whereas the J-20’s specs say its max speed is Mach 2.0. While faster than the Mach 1.6 speed of an F-35, the J-20 seems considerably slower than an F-22. 

China's J-20 Stealth Fighter

J-20. Image: Creative Commons.

With two wing-like structures on each side, it also appears less stealthy than the F-22 and F-35.  

Could this mean the PLA Air Force envisions a mission for its J-20 to be more of a “bomb-truck” than a “dog-fight” air supremacy platform?  The J-20 can massively rev up its bomb-carrying capacity and operate with 27,988lbs of internal and external weaponry, whereas the F-35 “beast mode” only allows 18,000lbs of ordnance.  

This ordnance capacity is the actual of the PLA Air Force’s J-20 single-seat aircraft, which is now being mass-produced at an accelerated pace. It may indicate that a two-seat variant further extends this “bomb-truck” capacity. 

Aircraft such as the two-seat Tomcat existed well before the age of AI-enabled piloting, suggesting that a two-seat configuration may be less relevant or necessary in today’s advanced AI-empower technological sphere.  However, Chinese newspapers suggest that the two-seat variant may be engineered for EW and less suited for air-to-air combat or high-speed aerial maneuvering. 

J-20 and J-20S Fly Into the Future 

Should the J-20 operate with these kinds of concepts of operation, it would make sense that the PLA Air Force would build a “two-seater” J-20S to optimize air-to-ground targeting and bombing using added “human” input.  

F-22 Raptor. Image Credit: Creative Commons.

F-22 Raptor. Image Credit: Creative Commons.

Perhaps the PLA Air Force knew the US Fleet of F-22s was much smaller than its large fleet of F-35s and built an aircraft intended to rival the F-35 without necessarily challenging the maneuverability or air superiority of an F-22.  

The ability of a J-20 to rival an F-35 likely pertains to specific key “unknown” questions such as the range and fidelity of its weapons and sensors and the speed of its computing. 

About the Author: Kris Osborn 

Kris Osborn is the Military Affairs Editor of 19FortyFive and President of Warrior Maven – Center for Military Modernization. Osborn previously served at the Pentagon as a highly qualified expert in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army—Acquisition, Logistics & Technology. Osborn has also worked as an anchor and on-air military specialist at national TV networks. He has appeared as a guest military expert on Fox News, MSNBC, The Military Channel, and The History Channel. He also has a Masters Degree in Comparative Literature from Columbia University.